Taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular dating and ancestral state reconstruction of Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes)

Xylariomycetidae (Ascomycota) is a highly diversified group with variable stromatic characters. Our research focused on inconspicuous xylarialean taxa from China, Italy, Russia, Thailand and the United Kingdom. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations combined ITS-LSU-rpb2-tub2-tef1 phylogenies revealed 39 our collections belonging to Amphisphaeriales Xylariales. A new family (Appendicosporaceae), five genera (Magnostiolata, Melanostictus, Neoamphisphaeria, Nigropunctata Paravamsapriya), 27 species (Acrocordiella photiniicola, Allocryptovalsa sichuanensis, Amphisphaeria parvispora, Anthostomella lamiacearum, Apiospora guiyangensis, A. Biscogniauxia magna, Eutypa camelliae, Helicogermslita clypeata, Hypocopra zeae, Magnostiolata mucida, Melanostictus longiostiolatus, M. thailandicus, Nemania longipedicellata, N. delonicis, paraphysata, thailandensis, Neoamphisphaeria hyalinospora, Neoanthostomella bambusicola, nigrocircularis, thailandica, Occultitheca rosae, Paravamsapriya ostiolata, Peroneutypa leucaenae, Seiridium italicum Vamsapriya mucosa) seven host/geographical records are introduced reported. Divergence time estimates indicate that Delonicicolales diverged + Xylariales at 161 (123–197) MYA. 154 (117–190) MYA crown age of 127 (92–165) 147 (111–184) MYA, respectively. Appendicosporaceae (Amphisphaeriales) has stem 89 (65–117) Ancestral character state reconstruction indicates astromatic, clypeate ascomata aseptate, hyaline ascospores lack germ slits may probably be ancestral having plant-fungal endophytic associations. The remained mostly astromatic common septate, ascospores. Stromatic variations have developed during Cretaceous period. Brown in Xylariales, but they first appeared Amphisphaeriaceae, Melogrammataceae Sporocadaceae early Cretaceous. ascospore only after divergence Lopadostomataceae. Hyaline, filiform apiospores as separate lineages, providing basis for Xylariaceae, which independently. future classification polyphyletic will not based variations, type ring, colour ascospores, presence or absence slit.